8 Feb 2022 Krok-1 Important: Rapid Revision
- Medico Aspirants Team
- Feb 3, 2022
- 17 min read
Hello dear friends ,this blog is summaries format of my recent video on KROK-1 ,which is going to take place on 8th of Feb 2022. As in my previous blog I have given you all mandatory information for this licensing exam which take place in Ukraine after minimum 3 year of graduation for foreigners and native medical students.
Myself Dr Shivam Yadav and as I am providing tuition to KROK aspirants since last 3 year & I have given this February Krok-1 exam successfully ,so I think i can help you boost your score in this exam with my own experience .
Here is all my own shortcuts and creation which i found useful to deliver you.
Medical BIOLOGY:
Molecular Biology
structural & functional Unit of life : CELL
● Klinefelter’s syndrome: 47 (XXY); 1 barr body; 1 drumstick; affects only males; tall gynecomastia
● Turner’s syndrome: 45 (XO); No barr body; affects only females; webbed neck, ‘sphinx’ neck
● Trisomy X: 47 (XXX); 2 barr bodies; X-chromosome polysomia; super female
● Down’s syndrome: trisomy 21
● Edward’s syndrome: trisomy 18
● Patau’s syndrome: trisomy 13
● DiGeorge syndrome: chromosome 22 (22q11)
● Cri du Chat: chromosome 5p
● Mosaicism: 46 (XY); 47 (XXY)
● Recessive epistasis: woman O,childAB,husband A Blood group
● 0%: Phenylketonuria recessive gene
● 100%: Hypertrychosis of auricles; Y-chromosome
● Dominant X linked: 5 children, 3 girls and 2 boys; all girls inherited their father’s disease
● True Hermaphroditism: both male and female gonads are revealed
● Pleiotropy: Marfan’s syndrome and Hartnup disease
● Phenocopy: hirsutism resembling adrenal syndrome; Rubella
● Metaphase: equatorial plane; fully condensed chromosomes;phase study the cell’s karyotype
● Metaphase of second division: haploid number of chromosomes
● Nucleosoma: 8 histone proteins and a part of DNA molecule
● Karakurt spider: 4 pairs of segmented extremities; two rows of red dots
● Anopheles: malaria
● Bug’s bites: sleeping sickness
● Epidemic typhus: lice
● Inversion: turned 180 degree
HISTOLOGY:
● Desmosome: electron dense substance
● Periosteum: regeneration of bone tissue
● Basal: regeneration of bronchial epithelium
● Satellite, Myosatellite cells: regeneration (muscle regeneration)
● Schwann cells: regeneration of nerve cells
● Liver: central vein; portal triad (artery, vein and excretory duct)
● Spleen: central artery
● Nonmuscular vein or vein of non-muscular type: no tunica media (doesn’t have tunica media)
● Muscular type of artery: middle coat is enriched with smooth myocytes (i.e. tunica media is
present)
● Sinusoidal capillaries: red bone marrow
● Fenestrated capillaries: renal corpuscles
● Papillae vellatae: papillae on the border of the median and posterior third of the back of tongue
● Embryonal: major calyces are absent
● Primary: follicular epithelium consists of 1-2 layersof cubic cells
● Cells of sebaceous glands: seborrhea
● Unformed dense connective tissue: provides kin strength
● Dermis: mesoderm segmentation and somite formation
● Smooth muscle cells: mesenchyma cells
● Cortex of cerebrum: stellate, fusiform, horizontal, pyramidal
● Macula densa: a part of distal tubule between afferent and efferent arteriole
ANATOMY:
● Bursa omentalis: posterior wall of stomach
● Bursa pregastrica or Antegastrial bursa: anterior wall of stomach
● Stapedius muscle: hearing impairment
● Digitus minimus: common synovial sheath of flexor muscles
● M. triceps brachii (triceps brachial):elbow extension;posterior surface of shoulder in its middle third
● Long peroneal: limited elevation of the lateral foot edge
● Cruciate ligaments: drawer sign; anterior and posterior displacement of tibia
● Nasal limen: boundary between vestibule and nasal cavity proper
● Colon descendens: left lateral abdomen (left lateral region of abdomen)
● Colon ascendens: right lateral abdomen
● Pars descendens duodeni (descending part of duodenum): single longitudinal fold among the
circular folds
● Duodenojejunal flexure: mesenteric root
● Inferior left lung lobe bronchopulmonary segments: 5; supplied by tertiary bronchus
● Tr. Cortico-nuclearis (corticonuclear tract): genu of internal capsule
● Tr. Pyramidalis: frontal part of posterior crus of internal capsule
● Axillary nerve: passes quadrilateral foramen; supplies deltoid muscle; deltoid muscle abducts
the arm into horizontal position
● N. medianus (median nerve): impaired skin sensitivity of 1 – 3 fingers
● Trigeminal nerve: frontal or anterior 2/3 of tongue
● N. ulnaris (ulnar nerve): posterior surface of medial condyle of humerus
● Abducent nerve: medial strabismus; convergent strabismus
● Anterior/Ventral/Motor root: axons of motor neuron from anterior horn and lateral horn
● Yellow (flaval): diagnostic puncture between the arches of lumbar vertebrae
● S2 – S4: urinary incontinence
● Hypospadia: urethral hiatus opens on the undersite/inferior surface of penis
● Epispadia: urethral opens on the superior surface of penis/urethral was split
● Large lips of pudendum: bartholinitis; bartholin’s gland
● Vena jugularis externa (external jugular vein): edge of sternocleidomastoid muscle
● V. emissariae mastoideae: area of mammiform process during shaving
● V. cordis magna: anterior interventricular sulcus of heart
● V. umbilicalis: bougienage (lumen dilatation)
● A. brachialis (brachial artery): anteromedial region of shoulder
● Medial membranous artery: epidural hematoma
● Mental artery: frontal third of mandible
● A. facialis (facial artery): edge of mandible; anteriad the mandibular angle (i.e. anterior to
the mandibular angle)
● Obturator artery: ligament of head of femur
● Round foramen: second branch of trigeminal passes through
● Crystalline lens: biconvex structure, Zinn’s zonule
● Common hepatic duct can be found or located in hepatoduodenal ligament
● Ligamentum hepatogastricum (hepatogastric ligament): lesser curvature of stomach
● In the region of aortic hiatus: disruption of thoracic lymphatic duct as a result of weight lifting
MICROBIOLOGY:
● Phagotyping: find out source of causative agent
● Phage conversion: microorganism become toxigenic
● (R) CFT – Reiter’s complement fixation test: toxoplasmosis and chronic gonorrhoea
● Mantoux test: inject tuberculin; Tuberculosis vaccine – BCG
● Ziehl Nielsen: Tuberculosis (bacillus tubercle); acid fast
● Acute, IgM: primary or recent infection; ARVI –acute respiratory viral infection
● Colienteritis: 0-111
● 4 and 250: coli index and coli titer
● 1:20: to repeat the examination with serum taken 10 days later
● 1:40: confirms diagnosis
● 1:80: being a potential carrier of typhoid bacilli
● 1:100 to 1:400: patient has typhoid fever
●Previous hepatitis B: Anti-HBs antibodies were revealed; check for antigens of Hepatitis B in
blood transfusion
● Precipitin lines: a strip of filter paper impregnanted with antitoxic diphtheria serum
● Precipitation test: homemade pork sausages
●Dry heat sterilization: petri dishes and pipettes
● Salmonella: gram-negative movable bacillus; colourless colonies; “salmon fish –swims(movable)”
● Gonorrhea: gram-negative bacteria;coffee beans
● Giardia lamblia: 4 pairs of flagella/filaments; 2 axostyles; 2 nuclei
● Dysenteric amoeba: 4 nuclei cyst
● Demodicosis, demodex: 4 pairs of short legs
●Diphtheria (corynebacterium diphtheria): leffler;blood tellurite agar; wide spread fingers/spread
wide apart
● Antidiphtheric antitoxic serum: diphtheria
● Anthrax (bacillus anthracis): STI live vaccine; ascoli test, “scarlet hat”; cattle; old burial ground
for animal refuse
● Opisthorchosis: smallest eggs among all helminths
● Trichinosis; trichina: pork, facial edemata,Polessye regions
● Pseudomonas: yellow-green pigment; meat peptone
● Trichomonas vaginalis: pear-shaped organism; big nucleus and undulating membrane
● Taeniarhynchus saginatus (taenia saginata): 17-35 lateral branches
● Cytomegalovirus: owl’s eye
● Coxsackie A: “enterovirus infection”; mouse sucklings died
● Rotavirus: small spoke wheels
●Paschen’s bodies: variola
●HIV infection: gp41; gp120; CD4
●Streptococcus pneumonia: suspected pneumonia; gram positive diplococcic; pointed
opposite ends
● Streptococcus mutans: enamel demineralization
● Staphylococcus aureus: oxidase and catalase positive; synthesizes plasmocoagulase
● Leptospira: C and S letters
●C. perfringens: food poisoning; anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacteria
● Spores: ozheshko
●Capsules: Burri gins technique
●Blood, sugar broth: septicemia
●Homogenization: processing of sputum only with solution of causti soda
●Gram’s stain: gentian violet, Lugol’s solution, 96% alcohol
● Phase-contrast microscopy: “hanging drop”
● Agglutination reaction: specific antibodies in the presence of an electrolyte
● Bordet Gengou agar: bordetella
● Bacilli and Clostridia: temperature in autoclave reach 1000C instead of 1200C
● Actinomycosis: abscess; fungal infection
●Candidiasis: dark-violet gemmating cells
●Ancylostomiasis: ovoscopic probes revealed eggs with 4-8 germinal cells
● Ascariasis: eosinophilic infiltrates
●Filariasis: elongated filiform body; underneath the eye conjunctiva
● Diphyllobothriasis: freshly-salted caviar; fish
●Balantidiasis: pig farm; oval unicellular organisms with cilia;2nuclei;2 short vacuoles
● Enterobiasis (enterobiumvermicularis):scrapefrom herperianalfolds.
● Echinococcosis:dogandsheep
● Tetanus: limitedmouthopening (trismus)
● Scabies: itch between finger, inguinal creases, on the lower abdomen
● Direct and Indirect immunofluorescence test; viruses containing hemagglutinins: provisional
diagnosis of “influenza”
● Wohlfarht fly: myiasis
●Favus: mycelium of fungus, spores, air bubbles and fat drops
● Visceral leishmaniasis: sallow skin, loss of appetite, laxity, enlarged liver, spleen, peripheral
lymph nodes; Asian countries
PHYSIOLOGY:
● Na+: increase in nerve conduction velocity; depolarization
● Waved/Partial tetanus: period of relaxation
● Holotetanus: period of shortening (i.e. period of contraction)
● Muscle spindles: myotatic reflex in frogs
● Aschner’s reflex: press on eyeball – parasympathetic effects like decrease in heart
Rate
● Goltz reflex: blow to upper region of anterior abdominal wall produces parasympathetic
unconditioned reflexes
● Heat radiation: naked person; light clothing
● Heat evaporation: relative humidity
● Convection: exposed skin
● Conduction: in water
● Tractus rubrospinalis: ‘torso muscle tone’
● Inspiratory reserve volume: sternocleidomastoid muscle
● From the cells to the intercellular fluid: Glucose
● From the intercellular fluid to the capillaries: Albumin
● Carbohydrates: 1000ml; 1
● 7.5cmHg: Quiet inspiration
● 25cmHg: Forced inspiration
● Brown bread: weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels
● Posterior central gyrus: craniocerebral injury leads to decreased skin sensitivity
● Cerebellum: asthenia, muscular dystonia, balance disorder, adiadicokinesis, ataxia,
dysarthria, intension tremor, staccato speech
● Midbrain: red nucleus
● Reticular formation: deep prolonged sleep
● Quadritubercular/Quadrigeminal bodies: orientation reflexes
●Anterior tubercles of quadritubercular bodies: orientative reflexes in response to strong photic
stimuli
●D ecerebrate rigidity: Destruction of vestibular nuclei of Deiters(3D’s)
● Beta rhythm:eyesclosed, EEG
● Middle part of helix: medium frequency
● Corti’s organ closer to helicotrema: low frequency
● Corti’s organ close to oval window: high frequency
● Left ventricle: 0mmHg up to 120mmHg
● 5L: blood minute volume 5L/m
● 10L/min: blood minute volume 10L/m
● Calcitonin: stimulates tooth mineralization and inhibits tissue resorption
● Repolarization: T wave
● Vagi of an experimental animal cut on both sides: deepandinfrequent
● Transversedisruptionof spinal cord below IV thoracic segment: respiration will stay unchanged
BIOCHEMISTRY:
● Collagen: oxyproline; hydroxyproline
● Muscular dystrophy (Duchene’s): creatine; creatinephosphokinase
● Ochronosis (alkaptonuria): Homogentisates; Homogentisic acid oxidase; Tyrosine
● LDL: hereditary familial hypercholesterolemia
● HDL: remove cholesterol from tissues; anti-atherogenic lipoprotein
● Fatty liver infiltration (Hepatic steatosis): phosphatidylcholine; choline; methionine
(methylating agents; methylation reactions)
● Vitamin A(Retino acetate):Trans-retinoicacid;Rod cells;Rhodopsin;treatsradiationulcer;deficiency – twilight vision; Night blindness.
● Vitamin B1(Thiamine):inthiaminepyrophosphate; acofactorforseveraldehydrogenase enzyme – Pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Deficiency – increase in pyruvate
● Vitamin B2(riboflavin): flavin coenzymes (FMN, FAD)
● Vitamin B3 (Niacin): derived from tryptophan ;maize contains less tryptophan;Niotinamide ,NAD+,Pallegra preventing
● Vitamin B6;(pyridoxine);catalyzes transmination and decarboxylation reaction; with Isoniazide in TB
● Vitamin B9 (folate);converted to tetrahydrofolic acid ; Deficiency- macrocytic,megaloblastic anemia. Folate antagonist: methotrexate, trimethoprim
● Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin):involved in mylin synthesis ;Deficiency: macrocytic,megaloblastic ,funicular myelosis,atrophic gastritis.
● Vitamin C (ascorbic acid);necessary for hydroxylation of prolin and lysin in colagen synthesis.Deficiency; Scurvy,bruishing ,petechiae
● Vitamin D:1α-hydroxylase from kidney catalyse the formation of active form - Calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3).Deficiency;Rickets in Children,osteomalacia.
● Vitamin E(Tocopherol acetate): radioprotective action
● Vitamin K:Vicasol; gamma-carboxyglutamate; ɣ-carboxylation
● Glucose 6-phosphatase: Gierke’s disease
● UDP glucose: immediate donor of glucose
● Insulin: Inhibit GP and activate GS (NB;Insulin-Inhibit b4 it activates);Type I Diabetes mellitus;stimulate glucose transport from extracellular space through plasmatic membrane.
● Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase): DNA on the matrix of mRNA
● rRNA: nucleolarorganizer
● endonuclease: repair enzyme that is defective in Xeroderma pigmentosum
● Decarboxylation of Glutamate → GABA → Succinate
● Decarboxylation of Histidine → Histamine
● Monoamine oxidase: oxidative deamination; breaks down noradrenaline, adrenaline, Serotonin
● Low level of carnitine: causes obesity
● Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase: Lesch-Nyhan
● Phenylpyruvic acid in urine: disorder of Amino-acid metabolism
● Lysyl oxidase: Osteolaterism
● Catalyzation of the same reaction: Isoenzymic forms
● Cytochrome P-450: Xenobiotic; microsomal oxidation
● Dehydrogenase of branched-chain alpha-keto acids: “brewer’s yeast” or “maple syrup”
● Ceruloplasmin: Wilson’s degeneration
● Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): lipotropin, corticotropin, melanotropin and endorphins
● -OH: able to form ester bond
● Dihydrouracil: minor nitrogenous base
PATHOMORPHOLOGY:
● Fatty parenchymatous degeneration: “tiger’s heart”
● Tay sachs disease: cherry red spots
● Mantoux test: inject tuberculin; negative result – no cell mediated immunity; Type IV
hypersensitivity reaction
● Tuberculosis: horseshoe;militarynodules
● Primary tuberculosis:inferior lobe
● Syphilis (treponemapallidum):endovasculitis;perivasculitis;Romanovsky-Giemsamethod; “lacquer”bottom of grayish colour
● Acute glomerulonephritis: “meat slops” urine
● Subacute glomerulonephritis: “demilune”; crescent
● Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): splenomegaly (6kg); hepatomegaly (5kg); pyoid marrow
● Chronic osteomyelitis: bone sequesters; body of mandible
● Chronic pyelonephritis: “scutiform” or “shield-shaped” kidney
● Essential hypertension: shrunken kidney
● Basal cell carcinoma (basalioma): basal pidermal layer
● Meningioma: Psammoma bodies
● Melanoma: brown pigment with positive DOPA reaction; Perls’ reaction is negative; retinal
detachment
● Medulloblastoma: area of vermis of cerebellum
● Chorioepithelioma: “sponge”; langhans cells and giant cells of syncytiotrophoblast
● Neurinoma: verocai(verocay) bodies
● Lipoma: retroperitoneal soft tissue mass obscuring the left psoas muscle
● Fibroadenoma: breast;mammarygland
● Fibrosarcoma: meatoffish,fishflesh, flesh offish
● Fibrosing alveolitis: pulmonary fibrosis, panacinar emphysema
● Atherosclerosis: abdominal aorta had a sacciform protrusion
● Liposclerosis: fibrous plaque with some lipids; a form of atherosclerosis
● Atherocalcinosis: tuberous intima appeared white and petrosal; a form of atherosclerosis
● Anthracosis: coal-miner
● Silicosis: dust
● Scarlet fever: crimson tongue; nasolabial triangle is pale; circumoral
● Spotted fever: Popov’s granuloma
● Virchow’s cells: Lepra
● Mikulicz cells: Rhinoscleroma; Scleroma
● Beresovsky-sternbergcells/Reed-sternbergcells: lymphogranulomatosis
● Cholera: rice water
● Anthrax (bacillusanthracis):“scarlethat”
● Diphtheria(Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae):attempts toremove membraneproducebleeding
● Croupous: easilyremoved
● Ischemic stroke:flabby, anhistic, grayish and yellowish tissue with indistinct edges
● Necrotic nephrosis (Necronephrosis): ethylene glycol poisoning; capsule is easily removed;
tubulorrhexis; phlebostasis; necrosis of tubules
● Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): antinuclear antibodies; “wire loop”
● Septicemia: shock along with DICsyndrome
● Septicopyemia: multiple pulmonaryabscesses
● Chroniosepsis (chronic sepsis): brown atrophy of liver, myocardium, spleen and cross striated
muscles as well as renal amyloidosis
● Empyema: greenish-yellow liquid in the right or left pleural cavity (700ml or 900ml)
● Acute viral hepatitis: kaunsilmen’s bodies; councilman’s bodies (correct spelling)
● Desmoid: anterior abdominal wall
● Liver cirrhosis: pseudolobules
● Ichthyosis: tortoise shell
● Influenza, severe form: coal miner’s effect
● Uraemia: size of kidneys 7X3X2.5cm; weight 65.0g;brain edema
● Regeneration: painful nodules; amputation neuromas
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
● Infectious mononucleosis: ELISA revealed Epstein-Barr virus
● Infectious mononucleosis and AIDS: secondary immunodeficiency
● Secretory IgA: local post-vaccination immunity
● Type I HSR: atopy, immediate, reagine, anaphylaxis; IgG, IgE; mast cell; labrocytes;
bronchial asthma; characterized by rash and itchy papules
● Type II HSR: antibody-dependent; blood transfusion
● Type III HSR: immune complex; acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
● Type IV HSR: delayed, cellular cytotoxicity; mantoux test
● Neutrophilic leukocytosis: irradiation dose of 500 roentgen
● Heat radiation: naked person; light clothing
● Heat evaporation: relative humidity (%)
● Convection: exposed skin
● Conduction: in water
● Steroid diabetes (adrenal): 17-ketosteroid (17-KS)
● HDL: removes cholesterol from tissues; anti-atherogenic lipoprotein
● LDL: hereditary familial hypercholesterolemia
● Hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa: cholesterol (12.3mmol/L); total lipids (8.2g/L); increase LDL;
consumes eggs, pork-fat, butter
● Cushing’spituitary basophilism (Itsenko-Cushing’ssyndrome);increased production of glucocorticoids:moon-shapedface;android-type obesity
● Air embolism: bubbles escape
● Fat/Adipose embolism: fractures
● Thromboembolism of pulmonary artery: thrombophlebitis of lower limbs
● Eukinetic: increase in cardiac output and general peripheral resistance
● Myocardial infarction: CK-MB (early period); LDH1 (6hrs later); aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
● Complete atrioventricular: atria and ventricles contractsindependently 60-70 and 35-40 respectively
● Sinoatrial (S. A.) block: missing of several PQRST cycles
● S. A. node: 60- and above (112bpm)
● A. V. node: 40-60
● Catecholamines: transplanted heart
● Sympathoadrenal system: raise of arterial pressure under stress
● Causalgic: gunshot wound damage sciatic nerve
● Protopathic: poorly-localized
● Hemolytic/Prehepatic/Indirect Jaundice:↑unconjugated, normal conjugated; faeces is
coloured, stercobilin and urobilin are present;caused by increased hemolysis
● Post-hepatic/Mechanical/Obstructive/Direct Jaundice: ↑conjugated; normal unconjugated;
faeces is hypocholic (not coloured); stercobilin,urobilin, stercobilinogen are absent. Caused by
obturation of bile duct, cholithiasis
● Hepatic/Parenchymal/Mixed Jaundice: combines the characteristics of both
● Increase in ALT and AST rate: indicator for parenchymatous Jaundice
● Paraproteinemia: myeloma, plasmocytoma, multiple myeloma, bence jones proteins
● Burn toxemia: extensive burns of torso skin
● Mechanism of edema: increase hydrostatic pressure at the venous end or rise of hydrostatic pressure in venules
● Thalassemia: anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and target cells
● Sickle cell anemia: Glutamic acid to Valine; sickled cells; modified cells
● C-reactive protein: “acute phase” protein
● Gyrus supramarginalis: apraxia–lostabilitytoexecute learned purposefulmovements
● Collapse: consciousness is confused
● Glycated hemoglobin: diabetes mellitus; over the last 4-8 weeks; blood plasma protein
● Electrolytic-osmotic and Membranopathy: Minkowsky-Shauffard disease
● Hippuric acid: antitoxic liver function
● Catarrhal: lacrimation, nasal discharges
● Ceruloplasmin: Wilson’s degeneration
● Bowels: vasoconstriction will be maximal
● Heart:vasoconstriction will be minimal
● Tay sachs disease: Cherry-red spot
● Cheyne-stokes respiration: cycle repeats
PHARMACOLOGY:
● Hereditary enzymopathy: drug idiosyncrasy
● Pathogenetic: Acetylcysteine as a part of complex therapy
● Teratogenic: mental and physical development lag; avoid taking paracetamol during pregnancy
● Pharmacokinetic, absorption stage: treated with an antacid drug almagel
● Mebendazole: ascarideggs
● Spironolactone: aldosterone antagonist (no effect in Addison’s disease)
● Aethimizolum:Asphyxia (a child born with Asphyxia)
● Corglyconum: acute heart/cardiac failure; intravenous administration
● Digoxin, digitoxin: chronic heart failure
● Epinephrine hydrochloride: Anaphylactic shock
● Ethanol: methanol intoxication
● Doxycycline: broad spectrum antibiotic; avoid long stay in sun; dysbacteriosis; forms brown rim
around dental cervix
● Potassium permanganate: gastric lavage
● Dimercaprol, Unithiol: heavy metals – lead, mercury, bismuth
● Insulin: Type I diabetes; stimulate glucose transport from extracellular space through plasmatic membrane; inhibits GP and activates GS
● Glibenclamide: Type II diabetes; sulfonylurea
● Vitamin U: cabbage and potato juice
● Vicasol: Vitamin K; bleeding/hemorrhage (nose bleeds); virus B hepatitis
● Amlodipine: long acting calcium channel blocker
● Dihydrofolate reductase: methotrexate, Co-trimoxazole – these drugs inhibits DNA synthesis
● Co-trimoxazole: treats toxoplasmosis
● Nitrazepam: GABA-ergic system activation; hypnotic with tranquilizing effect
● Diazepam: neurosis
● Xanthine oxidase: allopurinol, xanthine, hypoxanthine
● Contrycal: acute pancreatitis; inhibits trypsin
● Magnesium sulphate: cholagogue having also a laxative effect; antagonist is calcium chloride;
treats hypertensive crisis
● Promedol: antispasmodic effect; cardiogenic shock; shin fracture
● Levodopa: Parkinson’s disease
● Heparin: natural anticoagulant; antagonist is protamine sulphate
● Aspirin/Acetylsalicylic acid: blocks or inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)
● Bisacodyl: chronic constipations
● Butyrylcholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase/ac etylcholinesterase: their deficiency or absence
prolongs dithylinum action
● Azithromycin: macrolide
● Sodium hydrocarbonate: stomach swelling
● Sodim valproate: reduce epilepsy and improve patients psychic condition
● Methyluracil: accelerate formation of connective tissue
● Eubiotics: normalize intestinal microflora
● Aminoglycosides: adverse effect – hearing impairment and vestibular disorders
● Metronidazole: drunk from an open water reservoir; trichomonal, lamblia (lambliasis), amebiasis
● Chingamin: dysenteric amoeba and malarial Plasmodia
● Metoclopramide: breakdown at a nuclear power plant
● Dobutamine: non-glycosidic cardiotonic
● Fluids and dobutamine infusion: surgery for necrotic bowel; hemodynamic support
● Amiodarone: blocks potassium channels
● Hydrochlorothiazide: increases digoxin toxicity
● Droperidol: neuroleptanalgesia; potentiate fentanyl
● Sodium bromide: cough, rhinitis, epiphora
● Aminazine: neuroleptic drug; treatsalcoholicpsychosis
● Narcotic analgetics: cheyne-stokes respiration
● Furosemide: F orced diuresis
● Dithylinum: tracheaintubation
● Acyclovir: herpetic rash; herpes infection
● Ciprofloxacin: fluoroquinolone, contraindicated for children
● Naloxone: acute morphine poisoning
● Carbenicillin disodium: blue pus bacillus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
● Ketotifen: stabilizer of adipose cells; seasonal allergic rhinitis
● Pyrazinamide: high serum uric acid level was found
● Timaline: improvement of immune state
(1.) HELMINTHS
a) Opisthorchis: helminth with the smallest egg
b) Enterobias vermicularis: Perianal swab/fold or worm in underwear.
c) Echinococcus granulosus: Main carrier is a DOG.
d) Diphyllobothrium Latum: Main carrier is a FISH.
e) Toxoplasma gondii: Main carrier is a CAT.
f) Filarial worm: Causes Elephantiasis and eye infection(eye worm)
g) Ascaris Lumbricoides: Eosinophiles will be in the question. It causes Ascariasis.
h) Trichinella and Taenias: Found in PORK.
i) Schistosoma: You will see Australia and egg with characteristic sharp point. It will cause
urogenital or vaginal infection.
(2.) PROTOZOAS AND BACTERIA
a.) Balantidum Coli: Cilia all around or four nucleus or two nuclei two vacuoles.
b.) Giardia Lamblia: Two nucleus and four pairs of flagella.
c.) Dysenteric amoeba: Four nucleus cyst in feces.
d.) Trichomonia: Causes Urogenital and vaginal infection.
e.) Leishmania: It causes both cutaneous and visceral(organs) diseases.
f.) Leptospira: (Spirochete) C&S shape causes nose bleeding
g.) Diphtheria: Chinese letters
h.)Treponema pallidum: Spiral shape(Spirochetes)
(3.) ARTHROPODS
a) Wohlfahrt Fly: It causes MYIASIS
b)Karakurt Spider: Roundish black abdomen with two rows of red spots on it dorsal surface.
c)Sarcoptes Scabies: Causative agent of Scabies.
d)Demodicosis or Demodex: Causative agent of Acne etc.
CELLS IN PATHMORPHOLOGY
a.) Langhans cells: Tuberculosis
b.)Aschoffs bodies: Acute verrucous Endocarditis
c.)Councilman’s bodies: Viral Hepatits
d.)Virchow’s cells: Leprosy
e.)Mikulich Cell: Rhinoscleroma
f.)Reed-Sternberg cell: Hodgkin disease,lymphogranulomatosis
g.)Beresovsky-sternberg: Lymphogranulomatosis
h.)Warthin-Finkeldey cells: Measles
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES
a.) Typhoid fever: Salmonella typhi; affects small intestine and causes ulceration.
b.)Dysentry:Shigella dysentery; Occurs usually colon. Stages are: Catarrhal,fibrinous, ulcerative
colitis and repair.
c.)Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix; Incision is done at Mc burney’s point(From
ant.sup iliac spine to the umbilicus, junction between lat. 1/3 and middle 1/3)…Stages are: Catarrhal,
phlegmonous, Ulcerophlegmonous, gangrenous and apostematous)
d.) Coccal bacterial: These agents cause purulent processes….So if you see pus in your question
check for any cocci bacterial in the option.
e.) Cirrhosis: Pseudolobules
GENERAL SIGNS OF SOME PATHOLOGIES.
a.) Anthracosis: Miner and black deposits in the lung tissue.
b.)Croupous/Lobar pneumonia: Neutophil, fibrin and grey or red hepatization.
c.)Amyloidosis: Congo red, lardaceous kidney
d.)Sago Spleen: Mahogany with enlarged follicles
e.)Scarlet Fever: Crimson tongue
f.)Infuenza: Panbronchitis or larngotracheobronchitis(Severe form).
g.)Lipoma: movable soft tissue mass of lipocyte obscuring psoas muscle.
h.)Fibroma: movable soft fibrous tissue.
i.) Infectious endocarditis: Sepsis that affect edges of valves.
j.)Rheumatic endocarditis: Deformation of valves due to rheumatic diseases
k.)Spotted fever: Spots and specks.
l.)Epidemic typhus: Lice
m.)Brills disease: Relapse of epidermic typhus after some years.
n.) Hypospadia: Opening of the urethra below the penis.
o.)Epispadia: Opening of the urethra above the penis.
p.)Diffuse cardiosclerosis: Multiple whitish layers in myocardium.
q.)Baccilus Anthrax: On the cattle farm. Ascolis test.
r.)Actinomycosis: Fungal infection associated with pus
s.)Spore checking: Oil immersion and ozhensko method.
t.)Capsule: Burri-Gins technique
u.)Chronic or choriosepsis: Intoxication usually from wound.
v.)Chorioepithelioma:Sponge with cyncytiotrophoblast.
w.)Syphilis: Caused by treponema pallidum(Spirochetes) perivasculitis endovasculitis.
x.) Tuberculoma: Secondary form of tuberculosis with a capsule formation.
y.)Fibro-cavernous tuberculosis: Secondary form with cavities and walls.
z.)Caseous necrosis: Tuberculosis
aa.) Fibro-sarcoma: Meat of fish
bb.) Sub-acute glomerulonephritis: Crescent, demilume, semilunar.
cc.) Systemic Lupus Erythematous: Antinuclear antibodies, wire loops, autoimmune.
dd.) Chronic glomerulonephritis: Decrease of active nephrons.
ee.) Acute glomerulonephritis: due to shock, immunecomplex.
ff.) Osteomyelities: Sequester formation.
gg.)Cholera: Rice water stool
hh.) Tuberculosis: Horseshoe shape
VITAMINS AND CO-FACTORS.
a.) Vitamin B1: Thiamin(Thiamin pyrophosphate) deficiency: Beri-beri
b.) Vitamin B2: Riboflavin(FAD,FMN) Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
c.) Vitamin B3: Niacin(NAD) Dificency: Pellagra and D-triad..Diarrhea, dermatitis and
dementia….It is gotten from tryptophan…Maize excess causes it as well.
d.) Vitamin B6: Pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine…Responsible for
transamination and decarboxylation reactions. Isoniazid is an antivitamin B6 so this vitamin
should be taken along with this drug.
e.) Vitamin B9: Folic acid(Tetrahydrofolate) Responsible for DNA synthesis. Co-trimoxazole
blocks pathway of its synthesis….Methotrexate blocks the formation of THF(active form of
B9).
f.) Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin: absorbed in the stomach by intrinsic factor also called castle
or glycomucoproteins. Its deficiency leads to absence of the synthesis of THFA(active form of
B9) leading to formation of MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA AND ATROPHY OF THE TONGUE.
g.) Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid..Responsible for connective tissue strengthening(Collagen) and
blood vessel. It is also an anti-oxidant. (Oxyproline, lysyl oxidase,proline,hydroxyproline)
Deficiency:Scurvy
h.) Vitamin A: Retinol(Trans retinoic acid)..Responsible for night vision and maintenance of skin.)
Deficiency leads to Night blindness and excess leads to hyperkeratosis
i.) Vitamin D3: Cholecalciferol…For calcium absorption and bone strengthening.
j.) Vitamin E: Tocopherol…It is an antioxidant
k.) Vitamin K: Vicasolum(Synthetic form)…For post translational modification of coagulation
factor 2,7,9 and 10.
ENZYMATIC BIO-MAKERS
a.) LDH1,2: Heart pathology(Myocardial infarction)
b.) LDH &CPK: Early stage of myocardial infaction.
c.) CPK: Muscular dystrophy
d.) ALT: Liver
e.) AST: Heart
f.) GAG: Bones
g.) Ceruloplasmin: For copper transport(Wilson’s disease)
h.) C-reactive: Acute phase protein for inflammation.
i.) UDP-Glucoronyltransferase: For glucorination.
j.) G6PD: It synthesizes NADPH which protects cell membrane from lysis.
k.) Uroporphyrinogen 1: Its accumulation under the skin leads to photosensitivity.
l.) Uroporphyringen 1 co-synthase: Its deficiency leads to accumulation of uroporphyrinogen 1
which causes photosensitivity.
m.) Phenylketonuria: Greenish urine
n.) Alcaptonuria:Black urine…Acummunlation of homogentisic acid.
o.) Bence jones protein: Paraproteinemia(In plasmocytoma) These are abnormal proteins.
p.) Xanthine oxidase: Allupurinol and colchicine in purine degredation pathway.
q.) Carbamoyl phosphate: Ornithine –urea cycle.
r.) Glutamic acid: Removal of ammonia from the brain.
s.) Hippuric acid: It is used to check th detoxification function of liver.
t.) Galactosemia: Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, cataract.
u.) Maple syrup: Accumulation of branch chain aminoacids in urine.
v.) Tay-sachs: Gangliosidase or sphingomyelin(Lipid) insufficiency.
w.) Contrycal: Acute pancreatitis
x.) Bromine poison: Use sodium chloride
y.) Lecithin(Phosphatidylcholine): Lipotropic factor
z.) Methionine: For methylation reaction.
CARYOTYPES OF DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMAL PATHOLOGIES.
a.) Down syndrome: 47.21+
b.) Patau syndrome:47.13+
c.) Turner’s syndrome:45XO(Monosomy)
d.) Klinefelter’s syndrome:47XXY
e.) Edward’s syndrome:47.18+
f.) Super female:XXX(Trisomy or triple X)
g.) Cru-d-Chat:47.5+
h.) Holandric trait: Y-Linked…E.g Hypertrichosis
i.) Daltonism :Colour blindness….Recessive sex-linked
j.) Hemophilia: Recessive sex-linked
ALLERGY, TYPES AND EXAMPLE.
a.) Type 1: Anaphylaxis,atopy,reagine or immediate example bronchial asthma
b.) Type ii: Blood transfusion incompatibility
c.) Type iii: Immune complex e.g Serum sickness, Arthus disease
d.) Type iv: Cellular toxicity, In mantu’s test(Tuberculosis)
DRUGS FOR DIFFERENT PATHOLOGIES
a.) Metronidazole: Amebiasis, giardiasis, lambiasis
b.) Aethimizole: For asphyxia of new born
c.) Lobeline hydrochloride: For restoration of respiration after shock etc.
d.) Unithiol: Metal poisoning e.g mercury
e.) Atropine: For organophosphate poisoning.
f.) Neostigmine or proserin: Antidote for Atropine poison.
g.) Calcium chloride: Used as antidote for magnesium sulphate
h.) Acetylcysteine: Used as antidote for paracetamol
i.) Dithylinium: It’s a myorelaxant which causes short term spasm of facial muscles.
j.) Pseudocholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase: For metabolism of dithylium after its used..Its
insufficiency causes prolongation of dithylinium effect.
k.) Morphine: Naloxone
l.) Carbenicillin sodium: For pseudomonas aeruginosa(blue-pus baccilus).
m.) Ketotifen: Seasonal coryza
n.) Ketamin: Dissocative analgesia which side effect is hallucination.
o.) Digoxin: Chronic cardiac insufficiency
p.) Corglycon: Acute cardiac insufficiency
q.) Tetracycline: Affect teeth
r.) Loratadine: Anti-histamine…Donot cross BBB
DIFFERENT MEDIA/TESTS IN MICROBIOLOGY
a.) Leffler: For diphtheria
b.) Tellurite agar: For Diphtheria
c.) Bordet-gengou: Bordetella Pertusis
d.) Red colonies: E.Coli
e.) Colourless colonies: Salmonella typhi
f.) Zeel-neelsen: For acid resistant bacilli
g.) CFT(Reiter’s test): For Gonorrhea and syphilis
h.) Immunoflourescence: For influenza
DIFFERENT VACCINES AND THEIR CLINICAL USE.
a.) BCG: For tuberculosis
b.) STI: Anthrax
c.) Antidiphteric antitoxic serum: Diphtheria
d.) DPT: Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
OTHERS
a) Phage conversion: To make bacteria toxic
b) Phagetyping: To know source of infection
c) 1;20: To repeat test after 10 days
d) 1;40: Confirms diagnosis
e) 1:80: Carrier of disease
f) Neutrophilic leukocytosis: 500 radiation exposure
g) Lymphopenia:200-300 radiation exposure
h) After appendectomy: Intensification of leukopoeisis.
i) After Shock and accident: Redistribution of leucocyte from the marginal pool.
j) Sinoatrial node: 60-80bpm
k) Atrioventricular node: 40-60bpm
l) Bundle of His:20-40bpm
m) Purkinje fibers:10-20bpm
n) Ammonia in the brain usually leads to convulsion,brain edema etc.
o) Evaporation: High humidity with normal or moderate room temperature…e.g 80% humidity
and 36oc temperature.
p) Convection: A man putting on clothing in a room.
q) Radiation: A man putting on light clothing and in a closed room.
r.) Conduction: A woman in the water or swimming pool.
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2019 = 92 %
2020 = 98 %
2021 Feb = 86 %
2021 june = 100%
2022 Feb= Revision going on
2021 June : classes going on ……………………………………………………
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